The Arab Spring, a series of protests and uprisings that took place across the Middle East and North Africa, started from Tunisia.

In December 2010, a street vendor named Mohamed Bouazizi set himself on fire in protest of police harassment and corruption in the city of Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia. Bouazizi’s act of protest sparked a wave of demonstrations and civil unrest across Tunisia, which eventually led to the ousting of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in January 2011.

The success of the Tunisian uprising inspired similar protests and uprisings in other countries in the region, including Egypt, Libya, Yemen, and Syria, among others. The Arab Spring is considered a significant turning point in the political history of the Middle East and North Africa region.

According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), in 2012, Pakistan hosted the largest number of refugees worldwide, with approximately 1.6 million refugees, mainly from Afghanistan. Iran came second with around 868,200 refugees, mainly from Afghanistan as well.

Germany and France also hosted refugees in 2012, but not on the same scale as Iran and Pakistan. In 2012, Germany hosted around 600,000 refugees and France hosted around 265,000 refugees.

There are various interpretations and opinions on whether a new Cold War has emerged after the end of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. However, there is no definitive consensus on what constitutes Cold War II, as there are multiple potential flashpoints and rivalries around the world.

Some analysts argue that tensions between the United States and Russia, particularly over issues such as Ukraine, Syria, and election interference, resemble aspects of the original Cold War. Others suggest that the growing rivalry between the United States and China, especially in areas such as trade, technology, and military competition, could lead to a new Cold War.

Additionally, there are regional conflicts and tensions that could contribute to a new Cold War, such as the ongoing dispute between India and Pakistan or the rivalry between Saudi Arabia and Iran in the Middle East.

Overall, while there are certainly complex geopolitical tensions and rivalries in the world today, it remains to be seen whether these conflicts will ultimately escalate to a level that can be compared to the intensity and global scope of the original Cold War.