The Khilafat Movement, a significant pan-Islamist political protest in British India, was ultimately brought to an end not by any single individual from the Indian subcontinent, but by developments in Turkey, rendering the correct answer as “None of these.”

The movement, which sought to influence the British government to protect the Ottoman Caliphate, lost its primary impetus when the Turkish Grand National Assembly, under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, abolished the Ottoman sultanate in 1922 and subsequently the caliphate itself in March 1924. This act in Turkey made the foundational cause of the Khilafat Movement in India obsolete.

While prominent leaders in India were associated with the movement, their roles did not extend to its termination. Mahatma Gandhi, a key figure in forging an alliance between the Indian National Congress and the Khilafat Movement, suspended the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1922 following the Chauri Chaura incident. This withdrawal of widespread support significantly weakened the Khilafat Movement, but it was the political changes in Turkey that delivered the final blow. Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah had expressed reservations about the religious nature of the Khilafat Movement and its potential to intertwine with a secular nationalist struggle. However, he was not the architect of its conclusion. Similarly, prominent religious leaders who were at the forefront of the agitation did not bring about its end. The movement’s conclusion was a direct consequence of the abolition of the very institution it was created to preserve.