Mahmud Ghaznavi attacked India 17 times in 11th century – Mahmud Ghaznavi or Mahmud of Ghazni was a powerful ruler who launched a series of attacks on India in the 11^th century. His first invasion (حملہ) was in 1001, which marked the beginning of his conquest (فتح) of India. Over the next few decades, he continued his relentless campaign against the Indian kingdoms and raided their territories a total of 17 times. His expeditions were marked by fierce battles, looting of temples, and plundering of wealth. Despite facing strong resistance from the Indian rulers, Mahmud Ghazni was able to establish his control over significant portions of India.

On 10th July 1800, Lord Richard Wellesley, the Governor General of British India at the time, founded Fort William College in Calcutta. The college was located within the Fort William complex. It was created to provide language instruction in various Indian vernacular languages to the civil and military personnel of the East India Company. At this College, numerous books were translated from multiple languages, including Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, Bengali, Hindi, and Urdu, into English. This institution was a center for higher education and served as a school for oriental studies.

Allama Muhammad Iqbal’s PhD thesis was titled “The Development of Metaphysics in Persia.” He completed his doctoral studies from the University of Munich, Germany, in 1908.